Cyber security has been used interchangeably for information security, where later considers the role of the human in the security process while former consider this as an additional dimension and also, focus person has a potential targe+. However, such discussion on cyber security has important implication as it focuses on the ethical part of the society as a whole. To address the issue of cyber security, various frameworks and models have been developed. It also introduces the concepts of cyber security in terms of its framework, workforces and information related to protecting personal information in the computer. This paper reviews these models along with their limitations and review the past techniques used to mitigate these threats. Furthermore, the report also provides recommendations for future research.

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We all know that our Face is a unique and crucial part of the human body structure that identifies a person. Therefore, we can use it to find the criminal identity. Using the previously captured faces and criminal’s images that are available in the police station, the criminal face recognition system can be implemented. We propose an automatic criminal identification system for the Police Department to enhance and upgrade the criminal identification into a more effective and efficient approach. Several causes like theft, kidnaps, human trafficking etc. are left unsolved because the less availability of police personnel, many times there is no identification of the person who was involved in criminal activities. To avoid this situation an automated facial recognition system for criminal identification is proposed using the Haar feature-based cascade classifier. This paper presents real-time face recognition using an automated surveillance camera. This system will be able to detect and recognize faces automatically in real-time.

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The best alternative for e mobility is electric-based transportation. The importance for electrical transportation increasing rapidly throughout the world due to the decrease in conventional fuels like petrol and  diesel. In India, still, most of the transportation is using the conventional I.C. engine vehicles only. According to the surveys, it may take five to ten more years to replace all the existing vehicles with electric vehicles. An electric vehicle or drive train requires several subsystems such as the battery, charging circuit, motor drive, converters, and other controlling circuits. Out of all the subsystems, the vital system in a vehicle is the electrical motor used in the electrical vehicle design. Several motors are available such as a three-phase induction motor, synchronous motor, reluctance motor, and brushless D.C. motor. The more suitable motor for electric vehicle applications is the BLDC motor, which provides high torque under starting and running conditions. Hence, the vehicle will be effective by employing the BLDC motor. In this project, the model of the BLDC based electric vehicle is created, and the output waveforms are presented. The model of the vehicle is created in MATLAB/SIMULINK.

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Circuits called voltage source converters (VSCs) transform electricity from one form to another by converting the voltage between the two forms. In high-voltage direct current systems, the use of voltage source converters is essential. The technology of voltage source converters is used to ensure the smooth functioning of any high-voltage direct current system. Because of this, VSC-based HVDC systems are rising in significance when compared to other types of HVDC systems. Due to the high current connected with the starting up process of an HVDC system, a correct beginning procedure is essential in order for the HVDC system to be operated safely. In this research, a new and original solution for the smooth beginning of a VSC-based high-voltage direct current system is suggested, which will effectively restrict the current while operating at high speeds.

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Because of their straightforward construction and ease of implementation, cascaded structured multilevel inverters are rising in popularity. We present in this work the best selective harmonic elimination approach for a nine-level converter. We use this method to suppress the chosen lower order harmonic, which results in a significant reduction in the overall harmonic distortion of the inverter. The Newton-Rapson method is used to determine the switching angles that will result in the least amount of specific lower order harmonics. The harmonics that are deleted are in the following order: third, fifth, and seventh harmonics are eliminated. All of the simulation results for a nine-level inverter created using SIMULINK are given.

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Due to a scarcity of room for land filling and its ever-increasing cost, waste utilisation has become a more enticing choice than disposal. Plastic is the waste material that generates the most concern in terms of environmental consequences. The utilisation of waste plastic items in concrete is now being investigation. The use of waste materials in concrete not only saves money, but it also helps to solve disposal problems. The development of novel construction materials manufactured from recycled plastics benefits both the building and plastic recycling industries. Researchers have lately grown interested in using waste and recycled plastic materials in concrete mixes as an ecologically acceptable building material, and a great number of research documenting the behaviour of waste and recycled plastic materials in concrete have been published. This document combines a comprehensive review of research papers on the use of recycled plastics in concrete, categorizing them based on whether they dealt with concrete with plastic aggregates or concrete with plastic fibers. Furthermore, the morphology of concrete with plastic components explains the influence of plastic particles and plastic fibres on the properties of concrete. The properties of concretes with virgin plastic components were also investigated to see how they compared to concrete with recycled plastic components. Over a 28-day period, concrete cubes, cylinders, and beams were cast using 0 to 25% plastic as a partial replacement for fine aggregate and tested for compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength

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Multilevel inverters are the circuit, which converters the input DC into AC. There are several types of multilevel inverters. Conventionally they are classified as diode clamped multilevel inverters, flying capacitor multilevel inverters, and cascaded H bridge type multilevel inverters. In these inverters, the output voltage quality is a very important parameter as the inverter performance will be decided by the same parameter. The output voltage quality is measured using the total harmonic distortion. The total harmonic distortion in a multilevel inverter depends on the inverter topology and the type of modulation or control method that is employed in a multilevel inverter. There are several types of modulation methods that can be applied to multilevel inverters. Some methods are general, which can be applied to all the inverters, and some of those methods are specifically designed for particular topologies only. Out of all the modulation methods, the unique feature of the selective harmonic elimination method is, it can remove or suppress the selected lower order harmonics from the output waveform of the multilevel inverter.

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The outbreak of COVID-19 corona virus in late 2019 has put a tremendous threat to the whole world. Driven by the mission to save lives, we develop a face recognition system to detect patients with fever symptom and to trace close contacts. A alert is sent to heard to enable further actions to quarantine the patients and close contacts. This provides a way to control the spread of the virus.Driven by the mission to save lives, we develop an edge-cloud based face recognition system to detect and trace COVID-19 patients with fever symptom.

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This study primarily deals with the characteristics of concrete, including compressive strength and workability. Moreover, this study also investigates the thermal stability of all concrete mixes at elevated temperature. Twenty- f i v e mixes of concrete were prepared at different replacement levels of scba (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% & 20%)) with cement and cba (0%, 10%, 20%, 30% & 40%) with fine aggregates. The water/cement ratio in all the mixes was kept at 0.55. The workability of concrete was tested immediately after preparing the concrete whereas the compressive strength of concrete was tested after 14, 28 and 60 days of curing. Based on the test results, a combination of 10% scba and 10% cba is recommended. This research also indicates that the contribution of scba and cba doesn’t change the thermal properties of concrete.

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The construction of the slab ensures that it is capable of withstanding vertical load in general. On the other hand, noise and vibration from the slab are becoming increasingly crucial aspects to take into consideration because of the recent uptick in people's interest in the living environment. This is something that should be considered. In addition to this, the amount that the slab is deflected will expand in proportion to the length of the span that it is spanning. As a direct consequence of this, the slab's thickness will need to be raised. A heavier slab is the result of increasing the thickness of the slab, which in turn produces an increase in the size of the columns and the foundation. Because of this, the building industry uses a greater quantity of its raw materials than usual. In order to reduce the overall quantity of material that was being used, it was necessary to make use of slabs that had a lower overall weight. As a consequence of this, in this specific piece of study, we have sought to carry out an investigation into the precast closed channel slabs. Although the reinforcement in the web of the channel slabs varied, the flange reinforcement was made up of welded mesh with a 2.2 mm diameter and 32 mm x 32 mm spacing. There was not a consistent amount of reinforcement in the web of the channel slabs. The many different web reinforcements consist of 2.2mm diameter double-layered welded mesh with 32mm x 32mm spacing, vertical bars with 6mm diameter HYSD bars spaced at 50mm c/c, as well as vertical and diagonal bars with 6mm diameter bars spaced at 100mm c/c. It has been found that the performance of closed channel slabs is much better than that of traditional slabs

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In excess of 40 percent of the population on the planet picks agribusiness as the essential occupation. Lately, expanded interest has been developed for the development of the self-ruling vehicles like robots in the agribusiness. In traditional strategy for farming works, the types of equipment used to perform various activities are costly and badly designed to deal with. In this way, farmers need advanced equipment to perform farming procedures. The proposed work aims to build up the robot which can perform activities like ploughing, seed sowing, grass cutting and water sprinkling. The proposed robot gets power supply from solar photovoltaic (pv) panels, so it needn't bother with any outer power supply. The entire framework is constrained by android application utilizing Bluetooth interfacing with PIC18F4520 which imparts the signs to the robot for required operations. The ploughing of firm and sowing of seeds is consequently done by utilizing dc motors. Steady separation is kept up for planting of seed. Sprinkler with rotating nozzles is utilized to sprinkle the water on crop. The grass cutting instrument comprises of rotating blades having a sharpened knife edge on both sides to cut the waste grass effectively. This mechanical vehicle will limit the work cost, speed up and increase the exactness of the work. It incorporates various tasks, so it is financially savvy. Vitality required for this machine is less as contrasted to tractors or other farming instruments like electric pumps.

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Plant diseases threaten farmers, consumers, the environment, and the economy. Pathogens and pests cause 35% of crop losses in India. Many pesticides are toxic and biomagnified, thus indiscriminate usage is dangerous. Early disease detection, crop monitoring, and targeted treatments may avert these effects. Most agricultural ailments are identified by external indicators. Farmers need expert help. Our platform automatically diagnoses, tracks, and forecasts illnesses. Farmers may use a smartphone app to rapidly and accurately diagnose plant diseases and discover solutions. Using AI algorithms for cloud image processing, real-time diagnosis is conceivable. The AI model learns from user-uploaded photos and expert advice. Farmers may contact regional experts online. A cloud-based library of geo-tagged pictures and micro-climatic information is utilised to build disease density maps with spread predictions. Experts may analyse diseases using web-based spatial visualisations. In our investigations, the AI model (CNN) was trained using disease datasets created from plant photographs taken over 7 months from several farms. Plant pathologists accepted the CNN model's picture diagnoses. Diseases were identified with 95% accuracy. Our technique offers a novel, adaptive disease management tool. Farmers and industry experts may utilise this cloud-based service to produce ecologically friendly crops.

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Due to the increased pollution, and the continuous decrement in the conventional fuels, entire world is looking for an alternative form of transportation system. The transportation systems developed using electricity is the best solutions to overcome the problem. An electrical transport vehicle usually also called as electric vehicle. It can be a two wheeler, a three wheeler, a four wheeler or it can be a very big truck also. The vital things present in electrical vehicle are energy storage system, electrical motor, power conversion circuits, breaking system, and the overall vehicle control systems. Out of all these, an electric motor is vital, as it is an element which is responsible for the torque generation and movement of the electric vehicle. Hence, It is treated as the heart of an electric vehicle. There are many types in electrical motors, which are suitable for the electrical vehicle applications. Some of them are Induction motor, switched reluctance motor, synchronous reluctance motor, BLDC motor etc. Out of all, the induction motor is the robust in its construction, and it requires less effort to control compared to any other types of motors. In this project a detailed study is carried out to improve the power efficiency of an induction motor using fuzzy logic approach. The entire process is carried out and implemented in MATLAB

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There is an urgent need to deploy cutting-edge technology and equipment to enhance the current state of the art in traffic management since the issue of urban traffic congestion is only becoming worse. This is due to the fact that the issue is just growing worse. It is now plainly clear that the conventional approaches such as timers or human control are insufficient to address the problem as it now stands. In the context of this project, it has been proposed to create a system that can control traffic flow by continuously monitoring the present vehicle density via the use of cunning edge detection and digital image processing. When compared to the present methods, this powerful traffic control system delivers notable advantages in response time, vehicle management, automation, reliability, and overall efficiency. Vehicle management, overall efficiency, overall efficiency, and overall efficiency are the four areas into which these improvements may be divided. Additionally, utilising three example images of various traffic circumstances, the whole process of image collection, edge detection, and eventually green signal allocation is given with pertinent schematics. These schematics are used in conjunction with the photos. This phase of the process includes the acquisition of images, the detection of edges, and the distribution of green signals

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Air quality of a certain region can be used as one of the major factor determining pollution index also how well the city's industries and population is managed. Urban air quality monitoring has been a constant challenge with the advent of industrialization. Air pollution has remained a major challenge for the public and the government all over the world. Air pollution causes noticeable damage to the environment as well as to human health resulting into acid rain, global warming, heart diseases and skin cancer to the people. This project addresses the challenge of predicting the air quality index (AQI), with the aim to minimize the pollution before it gets adverse, using two machine learning algorithms: neural networks and support vector machines. The air pollution databases were extracted from the central pollution control board (CPCB), ministry of environment, forest and climate change, government of India. The proposed machine learning (ML) model is promising in prediction context for the Delhi AQI. The results show improvement of the prediction accuracy and suggest that the model can be used in other smart cities as well

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If you compare geopolymer concrete to cement concrete, it is a novel and rising trend in today's concrete business. It can be used as a good substitute for cement concrete and has a variety of benefits over cement concrete, including greater durability. Geopolymer concrete is a kind of green concrete that was created by repurposing waste materials from various power generation companies and thermal power plants. Because of the presence of alkaline activators in geopolymer concrete, it has strong heat resistance capabilities and provides firm bonding between particles, which may result in superior mechanical properties. Geopolymer concrete is also more durable than plain cement concrete. When exposed to acids in a maritime environment, it demonstrates exceptional resistance to corrosion. When low calcium fly ash is used in place of cement, the strength is increased to 40 N/mm2. The amount of marble powder used as a filler was varied as a percent of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% to achieve the desired strength of 40 N/mm2. The highest strength was observed when fly-ash was used as a 20% replacement for cement. The molarity of NaOH was employed as 12 molarity at a 2.5 alkaline liquid ratio, which is a good value. They were kept consistent throughout all of the mixes

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The current research is concerned with the investigation and analysis of three-phase multilevel inverters, as well as their various topologies and combinations. The primary goal of our research is to investigate modulation strategies and to compare them with one another, while also evaluating their benefits and drawbacks. Because of their functionality, their applications have been studied in detail; a case in point is the cascaded inverter, which can also work as a rectifier/charger for the batteries of an electric car when the vehicle is linked to an alternating current source. Despite the fact that we have examined a large number of topologies and modulation techniques, there are many more that may be identified. This project also has the added purpose of introducing innovations that will allow for a reduction in the number of independent voltage sources and sensors. This is particularly critical in high power quality cascaded multilevel inverters, which need a variety of voltage sources as well as an understanding of the various dc voltage levels

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Solid waste management is a big challenge in all around the world. Granite slurry generated from granite stone processing industry is a prime source of solid waste produced in Rajasthan. The generated slurry is indiscriminately dumped on vacant lands, river banks or forest areas. These slurry particles being fine enough are capable of filling pores of the soil, preventing water percolation and making the land futile. In this experimental study, granite powder (dried granite slurry) was used for the production of 1:4 and 1:6 cement mortar mixes. In order to improve performance parameters of mortars containing granite powder (GP), it was planned to use coarse sand (CS) of zone-II to negate the effect of excessive fines. Ratio of 60:40 and 70:30 of CS:GPsatisfied gradation recommended by standards for plaster and masonry mortars. For 1:4 mortar proportion, the adhesive strength increased by 21% and 23% for CS30 and CS40 mixes, respectively as compared to control mortar (FS). Drying shrinkage of cement- sand-granite mortar found to be similar with that of control mortar in 1:4 mix proportion but drying shrinkage in 1:6 proportion exceeded in the range of 20 to 60%. On exposure of mortars to a 5% sulphuric acid medium, portlandite and katoite are converted into gypsum and ettringite, respectively which reduced adhesion between particles of mortars and results in 22% decline in compressive strength at 28 days exposure period. No significant variation in performance across all the mixes was observed when mortar mixes were subjected to 20 cycles of alternate wetting and drying. Hence, granite powder as partial substitute (30- 40%) of sand in cement mortar mixes has no adverse effect on mechanical as well as durability properties of cement mortar.

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Generally renewable energy sources are getting integrated with DC micro grids to deliver reliable power supply with enhancing system efficiency and essential cost reduction in the best way. The implementation of PV-driven DC micro grids technology is inexpensive, harmless, simple, flexible, and energy effective to the end-users. Here the proposed Modified SEPIC converter is designed based on the traditional SEPIC with a boost-up module. While related to the conventional or traditional SEPIC converter, the proposed MSC produces higher voltage gain and continuous current to the DC micro grids. Moreover, this MSC is operated with a single controlled switch. Here MSC with PV system-based DC micro grids are implemented to effectively satisfy DC loads requirements and moreover entire this work is carried out in PSIM software. And also in this research work, closed loop control of Modified SEPIC Converter for DC micro grid is also analysed and obtained simulation results of continuous output current, output voltage stability in improved manner with reducing the peak over shoot of output voltage wave form comparing with the open loop control of Modified SEPIC Converter by the application of PSIM software.

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